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Graph theory is generally thought of as originating with the "Königsberg bridge problem," which asked whether a walker could cross the seven bridges of Königsberg, Prussia (now Kaliningrad, Russia), once each without crossing any of them twice. This is the graphical depiction of theproblem, where the nodes represent land masses and the edges bridges.

Explained: Graphs

A simple tool for representing relationships between data, devices or almost anything else has ubiquitous applications in computer science.

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On this chart of a 'normal' distribution, showing the classic 'bell curve' shape, the mean (or average) is the vertical line at the center, and the vertical lines to either side represent intervals of one, two and three sigma. The percentage of data points that would lie within each segment of that distribution are shown.

Explained: Sigma

How do you know when a new finding is significant? The sigma value can tell you — but watch out for dead fish.

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