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Hacking microbes

Startup’s engineered yeast helps clients produce fragrances and flavors more efficiently.
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Ginkgo Bioworks staff members Ramya Prathuri (left) and Nate Tedford work at the mass spectrometer in the Ginkgo foundry.
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Caption: Ginkgo Bioworks staff members Ramya Prathuri (left) and Nate Tedford work at the mass spectrometer in the Ginkgo foundry.
Credits: Courtesy of Ginkgo Bioworks
Ginkgo co-founders (from left to right): Tom Knight, Reshma Shetty, Barry Canton, Austin Che, and Jason Kelly
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Caption: Ginkgo co-founders (from left to right): Tom Knight, Reshma Shetty, Barry Canton, Austin Che, and Jason Kelly
Credits: Courtesy of Ginkgo Bioworks

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Ginkgo Bioworks staff members Ramya Prathuri (left) and Nate Tedford work at the mass spectrometer in the Ginkgo foundry.
Caption:
Ginkgo Bioworks staff members Ramya Prathuri (left) and Nate Tedford work at the mass spectrometer in the Ginkgo foundry.
Credits:
Courtesy of Ginkgo Bioworks
Ginkgo co-founders (from left to right): Tom Knight, Reshma Shetty, Barry Canton, Austin Che, and Jason Kelly
Caption:
Ginkgo co-founders (from left to right): Tom Knight, Reshma Shetty, Barry Canton, Austin Che, and Jason Kelly
Credits:
Courtesy of Ginkgo Bioworks

Biology is the world’s greatest manufacturing platform, according to MIT spinout Ginkgo Bioworks.

The synthetic-biology startup is re-engineering yeast to act as tiny organic “factories” that produce chemicals for the flavor, fragrance, and food industries, with aims of making products more quickly, cheaply, and efficiently than traditional methods.

“We see biology as a transformative technology,” says Ginkgo co-founder Reshma Shetty PhD ’08, who co-invented the technology at MIT. “It is the most powerful and sophisticated manufacturing platform on the planet, able to self-assemble incredible structures at a scale that is far out of reach of the most cutting-edge human technology.”

Similar to how beer is brewed — where yeast eats sugars and creates alcohol and flavors through fermentation — Ginkgo’s “hacked” yeast eats fatty acids and produces desired chemicals that recreate certain scents and flavors during fermentation. Those chemicals can then be extracted and used in a number of different products.

Co-founded in 2008 by famed MIT synthetic biologist Tom Knight ’69, SM ’79, PhD ’83, Ginkgo’s microbes now serve as the basis for perfumes, cosmetics, organic pesticides, and sweeteners for more than 20 big-name clients.

A major partner, French fragrance manufacturer Robertet, for example, contracted Ginkgo to design yeast that produces a rose scent. Doing so is cheaper and less time-consuming than the traditional method of finding and squeezing oils from the flower’s petals. The “cultured rose” is still under development, along with an expanded palette of other scents under contract, such as apricot, mango, and coconut.

Ginkgo’s most recent partnership, finalized in June, is a collaboration with California-based bioproduct firm Amyris. Both companies will combine forces to rapidly scale up the production of more than 20 ingredients for new products, such as skin care products, industrial lubricants, and jet fuel, over the next few years.

In addition to Shetty and Knight, who is a former researcher in MIT’s Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, the other Ginkgo co-founders are Jason Kelly PhD ’08, Barry Canton PhD ’08, Austin Che PhD ’08.

Big facilities for tiny “factories”

To engineer yeast on a grand scale, Ginkgo last year built an 18,000-square-foot foundry with automated robotics and equipment, called the Bioworks1, dedicated solely to rapid prototyping.

Inside the foundry, Ginkgo engineers use software and a database of thousands of unique enzymes to design new biological instructions for yeast. To produce certain scents, for instance, the engineers choose a precise chain of enzymes that are inserted by a custom-built robot into a yeast cell, and a fatty acid for the yeast to eat. If the combination is right, the yeast will produce a target lactone, a type of compound that comes from plants and is used often to make perfumes. That compound can be extracted by a chromatography column, which purifies the chemical. Ginkgo then licenses the organisms to partners, who, in turn, use fermentation to manufacture and extract the chemicals for their own clients.

Ginkgo’s clients often use ingredients, such as rose petals, that are expensive, not always available, or have environmental sustainability issues. Shetty says Ginkgo helps make the client’s “supply chain more stable, more efficient, and more sustainable.”

Ginkgo’s engineers are constantly designing different enzyme pathways and different genetic architectures, and amassing data on each sample. In that way, the foundry serves as a giant platform for designing yeast for a wide variety of applications. “We have always approached biological engineering and the foundry as generalists, not specializing in a particular organism or process, but building out automated tools that give our organism designers the broadest access to the power of biology,” Shetty says. “If we can learn how to design with biology well, then there is potential for tremendous impact across all technologies.”

In the fall, Ginkgo plans to open a second foundry with upgraded technologies that’s 25,000 square feet, called Bioworks2. “We’re really excited by how the technology has evolved and excited for what’s coming and what we’ll be able to do with an expanded capacity from the addition of the new foundry,” Shetty says.

Making synthetic biology easier

The Ginkgo co-founders came together during the mid-2000s while doing their PhDs in synthetic biology, which “just a handful of people were talking about” at the time, Shetty says. All four were working under Knight, who is considered by many to be the “godfather of synthetic biology” for his pioneering work in the field starting in the late 1990s, and former MIT professor of biological engineering Drew Endy.

By 2001, Knight had invented a better way to engineer microbes, with a standardized method to piece together DNA, called BioBricks. Up until then, scientists would manually use specialized enzymes to stitch together genes with specific functions and insert those genes inside bacteria. BioBricks, on the other hand, tagged segments of DNA on both sides with chemical connectors that allowed those pieces to be quickly and easily interchanged and combined, like building blocks. Today, the BioBricks database contains more than 20,000 DNA parts.

Ginkgo doesn’t use the BioBricks standard, but the idea of simplifying and scaling up synthetic biology became a catalyst for the startup. “All of us fell in love with the idea of being able to design biology,” Shetty says, “but knew that what was holding back progress was the lack of good tools and technologies with which to engineer organisms. So we started Ginkgo with the mission to make biology easier to engineer.”

At first, the co-founders tried scraping together seed money to build new tools and facilities for synthetic biology, but investors weren’t biting. They also entered ideas for new synthetic-biology tools into the MIT $100K Entrepreneurship Competition but never made it past the first round.

However, inspired by a fellow MIT alumnus who had started a company from scratch with friends, “We decided to just go for it,” Shetty says. “Everyone thought you needed a bunch of money to start a biotech company. We, instead, just bootstrapped Ginkgo from scratch.”

In 2008, the four alumni and Knight — who had left his position at MIT — set up Ginkgo in Boston’s Seaport District, where its headquarters remains today. Bootstrapping for several years, the startup built a series of automated tools for assembling DNA, transforming cells, and collecting data on microbes. In 2015, they built their massive foundry around those new advances — the culmination of nearly a decade of work.

“[The foundry] has finally become a reality, and it’s a bit surreal to actually see it in action,” Shetty said in a 2015 interview with the Huffington Post shortly after the foundry’s launch.

Soon, investors took notice. In 2015, Ginkgo scored a first funding round for $9 million from venture capitalists, and went on to raise an additional $45 million that year. This June, it raised another $100 million.

Today Ginkgo is hitting growth mode, Shetty says, with aims of rapidly expanding the number of customers and employees, and building new facilities: “We are still iterating and evolving on our approach to each step in the foundry, as we grow into Bioworks2 and beyond.”

Press Mentions

The Boston Globe

Ginkgo Bioworks, a biotech company founded by Jason Kelly BS ’03, PhD ’08, Reshma Shetty PhD ‘08, Barry Canton PhD ’08, Austin Che PhD ’08 and Professor Tom Knight, is working to develop synthetic fragrances, reports Scott Kirsner for The Boston Globe.

New York Times

New York Times reporter Steve Lohr spotlights the origin and history of MIT startup Gingko Bioworks, a synthetic biology company founded with a “shared belief that biology could be made more like computing with reusable code and standard tools instead of the bespoke experiments of traditional biology." Jason Kelly ’03, PhD ’08, one of the founders of MIT startup Ginkgo Bioworks and the company’s chief executive, explains that “the ultimate goal for Ginkgo is to make it as easy to program a cell as it is to program a computer.”

The Boston Globe

Ginkgo Bioworks founders Jason Kelly PhD ’08, S.B. ’03 and Reshma Shetty PhD ’08 speak with Boston Globe reporter Scott Kirsner about the inspiration for and growth of the company, which is focused on manipulating genetic material to get living cells to perform new jobs. Shetty notes that the Ginkgo Bioworks team is “dedicated to making biology easier to engineer."

Forbes

Forbes reporter Alexandra Sternlicht writes that MIT startup Ginkgo Bioworks “is giving $25 million worth of resources in their $400 million R&D facility to public and private teams working to cure, prevent and treat the novel coronavirus.”

Forbes

Forbes reporter Amy Feldman spotlights MIT startup Ginkgo Bioworks, which aims to “design, modify and manufacture organisms to make existing industrial processes cheaper and entirely new processes possible.” Feldman notes that the promise of synthetic biology is “not just a proliferation of new products, but also a reduction of the environmental harm that comes from our heavy reliance on petrochemicals.”

Forbes

MIT spinoff Ginkgo Bioworks has launched Motif Ingredients, a food ingredients company that uses yeast to mimic flavors or textures found in food, report Chloe Sorvino and Alex Knapp for Forbes. Motif Ingredients is “a potential game-changer for the budding industry of plant-based foods,” Sorvino and Knapp write. 

CNBC

MIT spinout Ginkgo Bioworks is highlighted on the 2018 CNBC Disruptor 50 list, reports CNBC’s Andrew Zaleski. Zaleski notes that Ginkgo Bioworks, “has developed an automated process for combining genetic parts that has made it the largest designer of printed DNA in the world. That breakthrough has positioned the start-up to change the face of a variety of industries.”

The Atlantic

Co-founded by three alumni and a former professor, startup Ginkgo Bioworks uses genetic engineering to create an array of consumer and corporate products – all relying on socially conscious GMOs. The company, which is now partnering with Bayer, is “trying to reset the conversation around biotechnology: by foregrounding the benefits to consumers and advocating for transparency,” writes Sarah Zhang for The Atlantic.

Forbes

MIT spinout Ginkgo Bioworks has not only maintained its founding members, but also recently raised $275 million from investors, writes Matthew Herper for Forbes. Herper predicts that excitement surrounding synthetic biology companies will continue because “private money is getting excited about the idea of designing biology.” 

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